CHEMISTRY GLOSSARY

solute    →   otopljena tvar

Solute is a substance that has been dissolved or could be dissolved in another substance (solvent).

phosphorus    →   fosfor

Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig Brandt (Germany) in 1669. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word phosphoros meaning bringer of light. White phosphorus is white to yellow soft, waxy phosphorescent solid with acrid fumes. Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Red phosphorus is powdery, non-flammable and non-toxic. Phosphorus is found most often in phosphate rock. Pure form is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke and silica to about 1450 °C. Used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches and incendiary weapons. Phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze and many other products.

retardation factor    →   faktor zaostajanja

Retardation factor, R_F, (in planar chromatography) is a ratio of the distance travelled by the centre of the spot to the distance simultaneously travelled by the mobile phase:

The R_F value is characteristic for any given compound on the same stationary phase using the same mobile phase for development of the plates. Hence, known R_F values can be compared to those of unknown substances to aid in their identifications.

solution    →   otopina

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of clean substances. Solutions contain two or more substances mixed in a state of molecular dispersion. Component which is found in solution in greater amount than other components is called a solvent and other components are called dissolved substances. Solution can be unsaturated, saturated and oversaturated.

solvation    →   solvatacija

Solvation is the process by which solvent molecules surround and interact with solute ions or molecules.

vapour pressure lowering    →   snižavanje tlaka pare

Vapour pressure is a colligative property of solutions. The vapour pressure of a solution is always lower than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent. Ratio of solution to pure solvent vapour pressures is approximately equal to the mole fraction of solvent in the solution.

white spirit    →   bijeli špirit

White spirit (mineral spirits, petroleum spirits) is a paraffin-derived clear, transparent liquid which is a common organic solvent used in painting and decorating.

seawater    →   more

Seawater is a complex mixture of 96.5 % water, 3.5 % salts, and smaller amounts of other substances, including dissolved inorganic and organic materials, particulates, and a few atmospheric gases. The world's oceans cover nearly 71 % (361 840 000 km²) of the Earth's surface (510 100 000 km²), with an average depth of 3 682.2 m.

The density of seawater is higher than that of fresh water because of its higher salinity. Seawater's freezing point is lower than that of pure water and its boiling point is higher. The average salinity of the ocean is 35 ‰, which means that for every kilograms of water, there are 35 g of salt. The relative abundance of the major salts in seawater are constant regardless of the ocean. Only six elements and compounds comprise about 99 % of sea salts: chlorine (Cl^-), sodium (Na⁺), sulfur (SO₄^2-), magnesium (Mg²⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and potassium (K⁺).

serine    →   serin

Serine is neutral amino acids with polar side chains. It is one of two hydroxyl amino acids. Both are commonly considered to by hydrophilic due to the hydrogen bonding capacity of the hydroxyl group. Serine often serves as a nucleophile in many enzyme active sites, and is best known for its role in the serine proteases. Serine is a site of phosphorylation and glycosylation which is important for enzyme regulation and cell signaling. It is not essential to the human diet, since it is synthesized in the body from other metabolites, including glycine.

• Abbreviations: Ser, S
• IUPAC name: 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid
• Molecular formula: C₃H₇NO₃
• Molecular weight: 105.09 g/mol

solubility    →   topljivost

Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature. Generally, for a solid in a liquid, solubility increases with temperature; for a gas, solubility decreases. Common measures of solubility include the mass of solute per unit mass of solution (mass fraction), mole fraction of solute, molality, molarity, and others.