Solvay ’s process is an industrial process for producing sodium carbonate from sodium chloride and ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioixide is produced by the thermal decomposition of limestone, CaCO3(s).
Quicklime, formed as a by-product of the thermal decomposition of limestone, is treated with water to form calcium hydroxide.
Calcium hydroxide is heated with ammonium chloride to form ammonia and calcium chloride (by product).
Carbon dioxide reacts with ammonia to form ammonium carbonate.
Ammonium carbonate further reacts with carbon dioxide to form ammonium bicarbonate.
Ammonium bicarbonate then react with sodium chloride to form sodium bicarbonate.
Dry sodium bicarbonate is heated in rotary furnace to give anhydrous sodium carbonate or soda ash.
The carbon dioxide produced is recycled back into the process.
Acheson process is an industrial process to synthesize graphite and silicon carbide (carborundum), named after its inventor the American chemist Edward Goodrich Acheson (1856-1931). In this process, a solid-state reaction between pure silica sand (SiO2) and petroleum coke (C) at very high temperature (more than 2500 °C) leads to the formation of silicon carbide under the general reaction:
While studying the effects of high temperature on carborundum, Acheson had found that silicon vaporizes at about 4150 °C, leaving behind graphitic carbon.
Adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which no heat enters or leaves the system. In general, an adiabatic change involves a fall or rise in temperature of the system.
Basic Bessemer process is the process of steelmaking in a way that steel, melted iron and limestone are put in the blast-furnace after which the metal oxygen is released in gushes in order to oxidise the impurities.
Cyanide process is a method for separating a metal from an ore. Crushed ore is treated with cyanide ion to produce a soluble metal cyanide complex. The complex is washed out of the ore and reduced to metallic form using an active metal (usually zinc).
Fischer-Tropsch process is an industrial method of making hydrocarbon fuels from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The process was introduced in 1933. and used by Germany in World War II. to produce motor fuel. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide are mixed in the ratio 2:1 (water gas was used with added hydrogen) and passed at 200 °C over a nickel or cobalt catalyst. The resulting hydrocarbon mixture can be separated into a higher-boiling fraction for Diesel engines and a lower-boiling petrol fraction. The petrol fraction contains a high proportion of straight-chain hydrocarbons and has to be reformed for use in motor fuel. Alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones are also present. The process is also used in the manufacture of SNG from coal. It is named after the German chemist Franz Fischer (1852-1932) and the Czech Hans Tropsch (1839-1935).
If a system is taken from one state to another but cannot be brought back to the same initial state, then the process is called irreversible. Some examples are free expansion of a gas; dissipation of energy due to friction, or the mixing of two gases or liquids etc.
Isothermal process is a thermodynamic process in which the temperature of the system does not change.
Goldschmidt process (thermite process) is a method of extracting metals by reducing the oxide with aluminium powder. Practically all the metallic oxides are reducible by this method, the chief exception being the oxide of magnesium. The thermite process was developed by the German chemist Hans Goldschmidt (1861-1923) in 1893.
Goldschmidt was originally interested in producing very pure metals, but he soon realized the value in welding, a process known as Thermit welding.
Generalic, Eni. "Solvay%E2%80%99s process." Croatian-English Chemistry Dictionary & Glossary. 29 June 2022. KTF-Split. {Date of access}. <https://glossary.periodni.com>.
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