Faraday’s laws of electrolysis are two laws found by British chemist and physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) in his experiments on electrolysis:
1. The quantity of matter extracted on the electrode is proportional to the quantity of charge (Q = I·t) which has flown in electrolysis time.
where z = number of electrons changed in reaction and F = Faraday’s constant which equals 96 487 C mol-1.
2. The masses of the elements liberated by the same quantity of electricity are directly proportional to their chemical equivalents.
96 487 C will discharge 1 mol Ag and 1/2 mol Cu. The relevant half reactions are:
Faraday cage is a container giving protection from electrical fields: an assembly of conducting material, for example, metal mesh or grid, placed around electrical equipment to protect it from external electrical fields. Faraday cages are named after the English scientist Michael Faraday (1791-1867).
Faraday constant (F) is the electric charge of 1 mol of singly charged positive ions.
where NA is Avogadro’s constant (6.022×1023 mol-1) and e is the elementary charge (1.602×10-19 C).
Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance as a result of passing an electric current between two electrodes immersed in the sample.
Thermodynamic laws are the foundation of the science of thermodynamics:
First law: The internal energy of an isolated system is constant; if energy is supplied to the system in the form of heat dq and work dw, then the change in energy dU = dq + dw.
Second law: No process is possible in which the only result is the transfer of heat from a reservoir and its complete conversion to work.
Third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the thermodynamic temperature approaches zero.
Lawrencium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso, Torbjorn Sikkeland, Almon E. Larsh and Robert M. Latimer (USA) in 1961. Named in honour of Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron. It is synthetic radioactive metal. Lawrencium was produced by bombarding a mixture of three isotopes of californium with boron-10 and boron-11 ions. Eight isotopes of lawrencium have been synthesized to date, with the longest-lived being lawrencium-256, which has a half-life of about 30 seconds.
Coulometry is a quantitative electrochemical analytical method which is based on measuring the quantity of electricity that has passed and on Faraday’s laws.
Actinides (actinons or actinoids) are the fourteen elements from thorium to lawrencium inclusive, which follow actinium in the periodic table. The position of actinium is somewhat equivocal and, although not itself an actinide, it is often included with them for comparative purpose. The series includes the following elements: thorium (Th), protactinium (Pa), uranium (U), neptunium (Np), plutonium (Pu), amercium (Am), curium (Cm), berkelium (Bk), californium (Cf), einsteinium (Es), fermium (Fm), mendelevium (Md), nobelium (No) and lawrencium (Lr). Every known isotope of the actinide elements is radioactive. Traces of Pa, Np and Pu are consequently found, but only Th and U occur naturally to any useful extent.
Aluminium was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler (Germany) in 1827. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word alumen meaning alum. It is soft, lightweight, silvery-white metal. Exposed surfaces quickly form protective oxide coating. Metal reacts violently with oxidants. Third most abundant element in the earth’s crust. Aluminium is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth’s crust, but is never found free in nature. Aluminium is obtained by electrolysis from bauxite. Used for many purposes from airplanes to beverage cans. Too soft in its pure form so less than 1 % of silicon or iron is added, which hardens and strengthens it.
Beryllium was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler (Germany) and independently by A. B. Bussy (France) in 1828. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word beryllos meaning mineral beryl; also called glucinium from the Greek word glykys meaning sweet. It is steel-grey metal. It resists attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity and is nonmagnetic. At ordinary temperatures, it resists oxidation in air. Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of care. Beryllium is found mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe3(Si6O18)] and chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4). Pure beryllium is obtained by chemically reducing beryl mineral. Also by electrolysis of beryllium chloride. Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green colour.
Generalic, Eni. "Faraday%E2%80%99s laws of electrolysis." Croatian-English Chemistry Dictionary & Glossary. 29 June 2022. KTF-Split. {Date of access}. <https://glossary.periodni.com>.
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