Aqueous solutions are those solutions where water is the solvent. An aqueous solution found in an equation describing a chemical reaction is denoted by the state symbol, (aq).
Blackbody radiation is the radiation emitted by a perfect blackbody, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The primary law governing blackbody radiation is the Planck Radiation Law, which governs the intensity of radiation emitted by unit surface area into a fixed direction (solid angle) from the blackbody as a function of wavelength for a fixed temperature. The Planck Law can be expressed through the following equation
where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature.
Chemical reaction is a change of chemical properties of substances which react with each other. By means of a chemical reaction new substances are created by bond breaking between atoms and molecules of reactants and their reuniting in a new way, thereby creating products. Chemical reactions can be shown by chemical equations.
Chemical symbols are a derived way of showing elements in a formula or equation. Each symbol represents one atom and it usually consists of the first two letters of the Greek or Latin name of the element.
Born-Haber cycle is a cycle of reactions used for calculating the lattice energies of ionic crystalline solids. For a compound MX, the lattice energy is the enthalpy of the reaction
The standard enthalpy of formation of the ionic solid is the enthalpy of the reaction
The cycle involves equating this enthalpy (which can be measured) to the sum of the enthalpies of a number of steps proceeding from the elements to the ionic solid. The steps are:
1) Atomization of the metal
2) Atomization of the nonmetal
3) Ionisation of the metal
This is obtained from the ionisation potential.
4) Ionisation of the nonmetal
This is electron affinity.
5) Formation of the ionic solids
Equation of the enthalpies gives
from which ΔHL can be found.
Elementary reaction is a reaction that occurs in a single step. Equations for elementary reactions show the actual molecules, atoms, and ions that react on a molecular level.
Gravitational constant (G) is the universal constant in the equation for the gravitational force between two particles
where r is the distance between the particles and m1 and m2 are their masses.
The volume of a fixed mass of gas at a constant pressure expand by the constant fraction of its volume at 0 °C. For each Celsius or kelvin degree its temperature is raised. For any ideal gas fraction it is approximately 1/273. This can be expressed by the equation
were V° is the volume at 0°C and V is its volume at t°C.
This is equivalent to the statement that the volume of a fixed mass of gas at a constant pressure is proportional to its thermodynamic temperature
This law also know as Gay-Lussac’s law.
An equation similar to the one given above applies to pressures for ideal gases:
Ideal gas is a gas in which there is complete absence of cohesive forces between the component molecules; the behaviour of such a gas can be predicted accurately by the ideal gas equation through all ranges of temperature and pressure. The concept is theoretical, since no actual gas meets the ideal requirement.
Generalic, Eni. "Ilkovic equation." Croatian-English Chemistry Dictionary & Glossary. 29 June 2022. KTF-Split. {Date of access}. <https://glossary.periodni.com>.
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