Macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetitions of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. The types of macromolecules are natural and synthetic polymers, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins etc. Cellulose is a polysaccharide that is made up of hundreds, even thousands of glucose molecules strung together.
Methionine is neutral amino acids with polar side chains. It is one of the two sulfur-containing amino acids. Methionine is a fairly hydrophobic amino acid and typically found buried within the interior of a protein. It can form stacking interactions with the aromatic moieties of tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. It is an essential amino acid, which means that humans cannot synthesize it, so it must be ingested.
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance.
It is normally expressed in units of g mol-1, in which case its numerical value is identical with the relative molecular mass.
Nernst’s division law states that a substance is divided between two solvents in a way that proportion of concentrations of that substance is at certain temperatures constant, under the condition that both solvents are in the same molecular state. Division coefficient is a proportion of substance concentration in solvents A i B at a defined temperature.
Appearance of division is used for substance extraction.
Nucleic acids are a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Each nucleic acid chain is composed of subunits called nucleotides, each containing a sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. DNA was first discovered in 1869 by the Swiss biochemist Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895).
Both DNA and RNA contain the two major purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G) and one of the major pyrimidines, cytosine (C). Of the other two pyrimidines, thymine (T) is found in DNA and uracil (U) is found in RNA. There are two major pentoses in nucleic acids:2'-deoxy-D-ribose in DNA and D-ribose in RNA.
Nucleotides are linked together in both DNA and RNA in a polymeric fashion via covalent bonds. These bonds exist through phosphate-group bridges in which the 5' hydroxyl group of one nucleotide unit is joined to the 3' hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide. RNA is usually a single-stranded molecule, whereas DNA is usually double-stranded.
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force (gravitational force FG) directed along the line through centres of the two objects that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
m1 and m2 are masses of the two objects and r is the distance between them. G is universal constant of gravitation, which equals 6.67•10-26 N m2 kg-2. Strictly speaking, this law applies only to objects that can be considered pointlike object. Otherwise, the force has to be found by integrating the forces between various mass elements.
It is more properly to express Newton’s gravitational law by vector equation:
in which r1 and r2 are position vectors of masses m1 and m2.
Gravitational forces act on distance. Newton’s gravitational law is derived from Kepler’s law for planetary motion, using a physical assumption considering Sun as the centre and the source of gravitational force.
Additionally, every object moves in the direction of the force acting on it, with acceleration that is inversely proportional to the mass of object. For bodies on the surface of Earth, the distance r in gravitational law formula is practically equal to the Earth radius, RE. If the mass of the body on Earth surface is m and the mass of earth is ME, the gravitational force acting on that body can be expressed as:
where g is gravitational acceleration which is, although dependent on geographical latitude, usually considered as constant equal to 9.81 m s-2.
Octahedron is a three-dimensional geometric figure having eight triangular sides.
Phenylalanine is hydrophobic amino acids with aromatic side chain. It is quite hydrophobic and even the free amino acid is not very soluble in water. Phenylalanine is large aromatic residue that is normally found buried in the interior of a protein and is important for protein stability. It is an essential amino acid, which means that humans cannot synthesize it, so it must be ingested.
Polymer is a substance composed of molecules of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass (monomers). In most cases the number of monomers is quite large and is often not precisely known. A single molecule of a polymer is called a macromolecule. Polystyrene is light solid material obtained by polymerisation of styrene (vinyl benzene).
Polysaccharides are compounds consisting of a large number of simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked together by glycosidic bonds. When polysaccharides are composed of a single monosaccharide building block, they are termed homopolysaccharides. Heteropolysaccharides contain two or more different types of monosaccharide. Polysaccharides may have molecular weights of up to several million and are often highly branched. Since they have only the one free anomeric -OH group at the end of a very long chain, polysaccharides aren’t reducing sugars and don’t show noticeable mutarotation. The most common polysaccharides are cellulose, starch, and glycogen.
Generalic, Eni. "Square pyramidal molecular geometry." Croatian-English Chemistry Dictionary & Glossary. 29 June 2022. KTF-Split. {Date of access}. <https://glossary.periodni.com>.
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