CHEMISTRY GLOSSARY

supersaturated solution    →   prezasićena otopina

Solution is supersaturated when it contains greater quantity of dissolved substance in itself than it corresponds to solubility of that substance at that temperature. It is said to be in an unstable state, and by shaking the vessel containing that such a solution separation of salt surplus can occur.

unsaturated solution    →   nezasićena otopina

Unsaturated solution is a solution that contains less than the maximum possible equilibrium concentration of a solute.

ideal solution    →   idealna otopina

Ideal solution is a solution in which solvent-solvent and solvent-solute interactions are identical, so that properties such as volume and enthalpy are exactly additive. Ideal solutions follow Raoult’s law, which states that the vapour pressure p_i of component i is p_i = x_i p_i^*, where x_i is the mole fraction of component i and p_i^* the vapour pressure of the pure substance i.

saturated solution    →   zasićena otopina

Saturated solution is a solution that holds the maximum possible amount of dissolved material. When saturated, the rate of dissolving solid and that of recrystallisation solid are the same, and a condition of equilibrium is reached. The amount of material in solution varies with temperature; cold solutions can hold less dissolved solid material than hot solutions. Gases are more soluble in cold liquids than in hot liquids.

concentration of ore    →   koncentriranje ruda

Concentration of ores is important industrial processes and is the first steps to the extraction of the metals. Normally, the ore is concentrated by separating it from the clay body in which it occurs either by gravity, sedimentation, or by a floatation process, before the extraction of the metal from the ore is started.

solid solution    →   čvrste otopine

Solid solution is a crystalline material that is a mixture of two or more components, with ions, atoms, or molecules of one component replacing some of the ions, atoms of the other component in its normal crystal lattice.

ionic strength    →   ionska jakost otopine

Ionic strength (μ or I) is a measure of the total concentration of ions in a solution, defined by

where z_i is the charge of ionic species i and c_i is its concentration.

solution composition    →   sastav otopine

Solutions are homogenous mixtures of several components. The component which is found in a greater quantity is called the solvent and the other components are called solutes. Quantitative composition of a solution can be expressed by concentration (amount, mass, volume and number), by fraction (amount, mass, and volume), ratio (amount, mass, and volume) and by molality. Amount, mass, and volume ratio are numerical, nondimensional units and are frequently expressed as percentage (% = 1/100), promile (‰ = 1/1000) or parts per million (ppm = 1/1 000 000). If it is not defined, it is always related to the mass ratio.

Bunsen’s cell    →   Bunsenov članak

Bunsen’s cell is a primary cell devised by Robert W. Bunsen consisting of a zinc cathode immersed in dilute sulphuric acid and carbon anode immersed in concentrated nitric acid. The electrolytes are separated by a porous pot. The cell gives an e.m.f. of about 1.9 V.

chlorine    →   klor

Chlorine was discovered by Carl William Scheele (Sweden) in 1774. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word chloros meaning pale green. It is greenish-yellow, disagreeable gas with irritating odour. Gas is toxic and severe irritant by contact or inhalation. Never found in free form in nature. Commercial quantities of chlorine are produced by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) from seawater or brine from salt mines. Used in water purification, bleaches, acids and many, many other compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).