Heat of combustion or enthalpy of combustion is the heat evolved when a definite quantity of a substance is completely oxidised (burned).
Heat of crystallization or enthalpy of crystallization is the heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of given substance crystallises from a saturated solution of the same substance.
Heat of formation or enthalpy of is formation the heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of a compound is formed in its standard state from its constituent elements.
Galvanic cell (voltaic cell) is a simple device with which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. Galvanic cells consist of two separate compartments called half cells containing electrolyte solutions and electrodes that can be connected in a circuit. Two dissimilar metals (e.g., copper and zinc) are immersed in an electrolyte. If the metals are connected by an external circuit, one metal is reduced (i.e., gains electrons) while the other metal is oxidized (i.e., loses electrons).
In the example above, copper is reduced and zinc is oxidized. The difference in the oxidation potentials of the two metals provides the electric power of the cell.
A voltaic cell can be diagrammed using some simple symbols. In the diagram the electrodes are on the outer side of the diagram and a vertical line (|) is used to separate the electrode from the electrolyte solution found in the compartment. A double vertical line (||) is used to separate the cell compartments and is symbolic of the salt bridge. Usually in a diagram the species oxidized is written to the left of the double slash. Here is an example of the Daniell cell:
The names refer to the 18th-century Italian scientists Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) and Luigi Galvani (1737-1798).
Heat capacity is defined in general as dQ/dT, where dQ is the amount of heat that must be added to a system to increase its temperature by a small amount dT. The heat capacity at a constant pressure is Cp = (∂H/∂T)p; that at a constant volume is CV = (∂E/∂T)V, where H is enthalpy, E is internal energy, p is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature. An upper case C normally indicates the molar heat capacity, while a lower case c is used for the specific (per unit mass) heat capacity.
Heat of fusion or enthalpy of fusion is the heat required to convert a substance from the solid to the liquid state with no temperature change (also called latent heat of fusion or melting).
Heat of reaction or enthalpy of reaction is the heat evolved or absorbed as a result of the complete chemical reaction of molar amounts of the reactants.
Heat of sublimation or enthalpy of sublimation is the energy required to convert one mole of a substance from the solid to the gas state (sublimation) without the appearance of the liquid state.
Heat of vaporisation or enthalpy of vaporisation is the heat required to convert a substance from the liquid to the gaseous state with no temperature change (also called latent heat of vaporization).
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water reacts with another substance to form two or more new substances. This involves ionisation of the water molecule, as well as splitting of the compound hydrolysed, e.g.
Examples are conversion of starch to glucose by water in the presence of suitable catalysts and a reaction of the ions of a dissolved salt to form various products, such as acids, complex ions, etc.
Generalic, Eni. "Amfoterna tvar." Croatian-English Chemistry Dictionary & Glossary. 29 June 2022. KTF-Split. {Date of access}. <https://glossary.periodni.com>.
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