CHEMISTRY GLOSSARY

cadmium coating    →   kadmiranje

Cadmium coating is a galvanic coating of metallic objects with a cadmium layer for corrosion resistance.

calibration    →   kalibracija

Calibration is correcting a measuring instrument by measuring values whose true values are known. Calibration minimises systematic error.

Californian soup    →   kalifornijska juha

Californian soup is a fungicide and insecticide chemical used for protection of plants, manufactured by boiling sulphur with slaked lime.

beryllium    →   berilij

Beryllium was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler (Germany) and independently by A. B. Bussy (France) in 1828. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word beryllos meaning mineral beryl; also called glucinium from the Greek word glykys meaning sweet. It is steel-grey metal. It resists attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity and is nonmagnetic. At ordinary temperatures, it resists oxidation in air. Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of care. Beryllium is found mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe₃(Si₆O₁₈)] and chrysoberyl (Al₂BeO₄). Pure beryllium is obtained by chemically reducing beryl mineral. Also by electrolysis of beryllium chloride. Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green colour.

beta particle    →   beta-čestica

Beta particle is a charged particle emitted from a radioactive atomic nucleus either natural or manufactured. The energies of beta particles range from 0 MeV to 4 MeV. They carry a single charge; if this is negative, the particle is identical with an electron; if positive, it is a positron.

An unstable atomic nucleus changes into a nucleus of the same mass number but different proton number with the emission of an electron and an antineutrino (or a positron and a neutrino)

beta-glucan    →   beta-glukan

Beta-glucans are are naturally occurring polysaccharides that contain only glucose as structural components, and are linked with β-glycosidic bonds. They is the most known powerful immune stimulant. The most active forms of β-glucans are those comprising D-glucose units with β(1→3) links and with short side-chains of D-glucose attached at the β(1→6) position. These are referred to as beta-1,3/1,6 glucan. They are a major component of soluble dietary fiber, which can be found in cereal grains (oats, barley, wheat), yeast, and certain mushrooms (shiitake, maitake).

bidentate ligand    →   bidentatni ligand

Bidentate ligand is a ligand that has two "teeth" or atoms that coordinate directly to the central atom in a complex. An example of a bidentate ligand is ethylenediamine. A single molecule of ethylenediamine can form two bonds to a metal ion. The bonds form between the metal ion and the nitrogen atoms of ethylenediamine.

californium    →   kalifornij

Californium was discovered by Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street Jr. and Albert Ghiorso (USA) in 1950. Named after the State and University of California, USA. It is synthetic radioactive metal. Powerful neutron emitter. Californium was made by bombarding curium with helium ions.

calorific value    →   kalorična vrijednost

Calorific value is the heat produced by a given weight of fuel on the completion of combustion; it is measured in kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg).

binary solution    →   binarna otopina

Binary solution is a mixture of two liquids that are completely miscible one with another. The boiling point of binary solution depends upon the solution composition and there can be three cases:

1. the boiling points of solutions of all compositions lie between the boiling points of clean liquids

2. the boiling points of solutions of any composition lie above the boiling points of clean liquids

3. the boiling points of solutions of some compositions lie below the boiling points of clean liquids