For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B (μB) is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant.
Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. Components are in equilibrium if their chemical potentials are equal.
Conditional or formal electrode potential (E°’) is equal to electrode potential (E) when overall concentrations of oxidised and reduced form in all its forms in a solution are equal to one. Conditional electrode potential includes all effects made by reactions that do not take part in the electron exchange, but lead to change of ion power, changes of pH, hydrolysis, complexing, precipitating, etc.
At 298 K (25 °C) and by converting natural (Napierian) logarithms into decimal (common, or Briggian) logarithms, Nernst’s equation for electrode potential can be written as follows:
Contat-Göckel’s valve is used for maintenance of inert atmosphere in a flask. The valve is filled with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) so that the end of the tube is covered. Solution inside the valve keeps the flask contents away from the oxygen influence from air. If low pressure is created inside the flask (when the flask is cooled), the solution will penetrate inside it from funnel and in a reaction with acid CO2 is generated which fills up the flask.
Solution from the funnel will keep penetrating until CO2 pressure in the flask is equalised with the outer pressure.
Coulomb’s law is the statement that the force F between two electrical charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is
where εo is the permittivity of a vacuum, equal to
Farad (F) is the SI derived unit of electric capacitance. The farad is the capacitance of an electric capacitor between the two plates of which there appears a difference of electric potential of one volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to one coulomb (F = C/V). The unit was named after the British scientist M. Faraday (1791-1867).
Fraction is a ratio of two quantities of the same kind, the numerator quantity applying to one constituent (or part) of the system and the denominator to the sum of quantities for all constituents (parts) of the system. When applied to mixtures fractions represent a group of three quantities: mass fraction, volume fraction and amount fraction (or mole fraction equal to the number fraction).
Dalton’s law of partial pressure says that the total pressure eof gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of all gases partial pressures which make that mixture on the condition that they do not interact.
For example, if dry oxygen gas at 900 hPa is saturated with water vapor at 56 hPa, the pressure of the wet gas is 956 hPa.
Generalic, Eni. "Equal-arm balance." Croatian-English Chemistry Dictionary & Glossary. 29 June 2022. KTF-Split. {Date of access}. <https://glossary.periodni.com>.
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