CHEMISTRY GLOSSARY

decomposing    →   raščinjavanje

Decomposing in analytical chemistry means that a certain substance is converted, by melting it with a suitable melting medium (sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium peroxide, ...) in the kind of compound which will afterwards that dissolve in water, acid or base very easily.

dehydrogenation    →   dehidrogenacija

Dehydrogenation is a chemical reaction in which hydrogen is removed from a compound. Dehydrogenation of organic compounds converts single carbon-carbon bonds into double bonds. It is usually affected by means of a metal catalyst or in biological systems by enzyme dehydrogenases.

dienes    →   dieni

Dienes are unsaturated organic compounds that contain two fixed double bonds between carbon atoms. Dienes in which the two double-bond units are linked by one single bond are termed conjugated.

dye    →   bojilo

Dyes are substances used to impart colour to textiles, leather, paper, etc. Compounds used for dyeing are generally organic compounds containing conjugated double bonds. In practice dyes are classified according to the way in which the dye is applied or is held on the substrate.

deoxyribonucleic acid    →   dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid with 2-deoxy-D-ribose as the sugar in its nucleotides. DNA contains encoded genetic information, specifically templates for the synthesis of all of an organism’s proteins and enzymes.

DNA was first identified in the 1869 by Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895). In 1953, American biologist James Dewey Watson (1928-) and English physicist Francis Harry Compton Crick (1916–2004) had discovered that DNA occurs in the cell as a double helix, with two long strands of the molecule wound around each other, and further that the chemical structure of the molecule dictates that adenine (A) always aligns or pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G). It is this base pairing that allows DNA in a cell to copy itself, and transfer its information to a new cell. The diameter of the helix is 2.0 nm and there is a residue on each chain every 0.34 nm in the z direction. The angle between each residue on the same strand is 36°, so that the structure repeats after 10 residues (3.4 nm) on each strand.

electroorganic reaction    →   elektroorganske reakcije

Electroorganic reaction is an organic reaction produced in an electrolytic cell. Electroorganic reactions are used to synthesise compounds that are difficult to produce by conventional techniques. An example of an electroorganic reaction is Kolbe’s method of synthesising alkanes.

elementary substance    →   elementarna tvar

Elementary substance is a simple and pure substance which can not be, by chemistry methods, decomposed further into simpler substances.

ester    →   ester

Esters are organic compounds formed by a reaction between alcohol and acids. Esters formed from carboxylic acids have the general formula RCOOR’. Triesters, molecules containing three ester groups, occur in nature as oils and fats.

fermentation    →   fermentacija

Fermentation is a class of biochemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules (such as carbohydrates) into simpler materials (such as ethanol, carbon dioxide, and water). Fermentation reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.

fouling    →   obrastanje

1. Fouling is the deposition of insoluble materials, such as bacteria, colloids, oxides and water-borne debris, onto the surface of a reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration membrane. Fouling is associated with decreased flux rates and may also reduce the rejection rates of reverse osmosis membranes. Fouling also refers to the accumulation of normally inorganic deposits on heat exchanger tubing.

2. Fouling is an accumulation of marine organism deposits on a submerged metal surface.